---
title: "IP-NFTs and IP Tokens"
url: "https://caper.network/wiki/desci/ip-nfts"
updated: 2026-08-25
license: CC-BY-4.0
license_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
---

# IP-NFTs and IP Tokens

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Topic** | Intellectual Property [NFTs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token) (IP-NFTs) & IP Tokens (IPTs) |
| **Originator** | [Molecule](https://www.molecule.xyz) — [open-source IP-NFT contracts](https://github.com/moleculeprotocol/IPNFT) |
| **Original model (V1–V2)** | One IP-NFT (legal rights + data room) → fractionalized into fungible IP Tokens |
| **Current model (V3)** | [Molecule Labs](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/onchain-lab) — a LabNFT bound to its own smart account, tokenized into one ERC-20 IPT per Lab |
| **Chains** | Base (Labs core, chain ID 8453); Ethereum Mainnet (legacy IPNFT, [marked UNMAINTAINED](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts)) |
| **V3 on-chain (25 Aug 2026)** | 82 Labs minted (ids 0–81); **0** IP Tokens ever deployed |
| **Used by** | [VitaDAO](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/vitadao), [AthenaDAO](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/athenadao), [Molecule](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/molecule) / [Bio Protocol](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/bio-xyz) DAOs |

## Overview

**IP-NFTs** (Intellectual Property [Non-Fungible Tokens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token)) tokenize the legal rights to a piece of research as an on-chain asset. The standard was created by [Molecule](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/molecule), whose [open-source contracts](https://github.com/moleculeprotocol/IPNFT) state that “IP-NFTs allow their users to tokenize intellectual property” and describe themselves as “building blocks for the DeSci economy.” They are the primitive that lets a [DeSci DAO](/wiki/desci/desci-daos) own, fund, and govern intellectual property the way it would any other treasury asset.

The design has been through three generations. The original IP-NFT and its [Tokenizer](https://github.com/moleculeprotocol/IPNFT) shipped on Ethereum Mainnet and carried every production DeSci raise through 2024. As of Molecule Protocol V3 those contracts are [marked UNMAINTAINED in Molecule's own contract index](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts), and the live stack is **Molecule Labs** on Base. Both models matter here: the older one is what the funded research actually sits on, and the newer one is where new projects are minted.

## What the original IP-NFT held

Unlike a collectible NFT, an IP-NFT is a legal-and-data container. The [IPNFT contract on Ethereum Mainnet](https://etherscan.io/address/0xcaD88677CA87a7815728C72D74B4ff4982d54Fc1) is an ERC-721 token recording IP ownership, paired with an **AccessResolver** that grants time-limited read access to encrypted files — the underlying **data room** of research materials. The token is the on-chain hook for the off-chain agreement and dataset, not a static ownership record. A companion **CrowdSale** contract ran the token sales that funded the work.

### From IP-NFT to IP Tokens

A single IP-NFT is indivisible, so Molecule's Tokenizer contract fractionalized it into **IP Tokens (IPTs)** — [ERC-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20) fungible tokens whose holders share governance and economic rights over the research. Fractionalization is what turns a one-off asset into something a community can fund: it enables broad participation, fundraising, and secondary-market liquidity for very early-stage science. That IP-NFT-plus-Tokenizer pair is the design most DeSci writing still describes, and it is the one the funded programmes below were built on.

## Molecule Labs: the V3 model

Molecule's current primitive is not an IP-NFT wrapping a document but a **Lab**: [“an NFT (ERC-721) that is permanently bound to its own smart contract wallet (ERC-6551), enhanced with account abstraction (ERC-4337), and extensible through a modular plugin architecture (ERC-7579) secured by an onchain attestation registry (ERC-7484)”](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/onchain-lab). Five standards converge into one object, so the research project stops being a token that _points at_ assets and becomes an account that _holds_ them — treasury, data anchor, licences, and any other [ERC-721](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721) or ERC-20 an Ethereum account can hold.

Two consequences are worth understanding before modelling governance on top of a Lab:

- **Identity and control are separated.** A Lab's identity is its [token-bound account](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6551) address, which is deterministic and permanent; its controller is whoever currently holds the LabNFT. Molecule's docs are explicit that `owner()` resolves the current NFT holder on every call, so ownership transfer is “an emergent property” of a plain ERC-721 `transferFrom` — [“no migration, no re-initialization, no key rotation”](https://docs.molecule.xyz/introduction/architecture). Selling the NFT sells the project, history and treasury included.
- **Capabilities are installed, not forked.** Licensing logic, royalty distribution, and governance arrive as [attested modules](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/module-registry): anyone can write one, but an [ERC-7484](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7484) attestation from a trusted Molecule attestor is required before any Lab can install it. That is a deliberate trade of permissionlessness for a security gate, and it means Molecule retains a veto over what a Lab can be extended to do.

### One IPT per Lab

Tokenization moved with it. The **OclTokenizer** [“turns a Lab into a liquid asset: it deploys one fractional ERC-20 IP Token (IPT) per Lab, gated by a signed membership agreement”](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts/tokenizer). Each IPT is an [EIP-1167 minimal-proxy](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167) clone of a `LabToken` template, so every Lab has its own token address rather than a shared registry. Supply is controlled by three levers documented in the contract reference: `issue` (tokenizer or Lab controller only), `cap` (“once capped, `issue` reverts `TokenCapped()` forever, giving holders supply certainty”), and holder-initiated burning. Tokenizing requires both LabNFT control and a signed membership agreement, bound to a specific document hash so the signature cannot be replayed against a different one.

### Where the contracts live

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Base Mainnet** — LabNFT (proxy) | [0x9F96…BE92](https://basescan.org/address/0x9F96027eeAFb9ad5F2b5d7043B36Ee96B2EeBE92) — Lab ownership NFT |
| **Base Mainnet** — OclTokenizer (proxy) | [0x62F5…c84E](https://basescan.org/address/0x62F532C3f563D974deEc103AAb8cC597f4f9c84E) — IPT factory |
| **Base Mainnet** — AccessResolver (v3) | [0x89a1…b72B](https://basescan.org/address/0x89a14Be8f7824d4775053Edad0f2fA2d6767b72B) — roles & file access |
| **Ethereum Mainnet** — IPNFT _(unmaintained)_ | [0xcaD8…4Fc1](https://etherscan.io/address/0xcaD88677CA87a7815728C72D74B4ff4982d54Fc1) — the original IP-NFT |

Addresses and status per [Molecule's contract index](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts), which lists the Base stack as “Molecule Labs core (v0.1.0)” and heads the Ethereum and Sepolia IPNFT blocks “UNMAINTAINED.” The public [IPNFT repository](https://github.com/moleculeprotocol/IPNFT) is not archived, but its last push was in November 2025.

## What is actually deployed on V3

The architecture above is fully shipped. Its adoption is a separate question, and the two halves of V3 have diverged sharply. Read off Base mainnet on 25 August 2026, at block 50,443,168:

- **Eighty-two Labs exist.** `totalSupply()` on the [LabNFT proxy](https://basescan.org/address/0x9F96027eeAFb9ad5F2b5d7043B36Ee96B2EeBE92) returns 82, and the token ids run 0 through 81 with no gaps — `ownerOf(81)` resolves and `ownerOf(82)` reverts `ERC721NonexistentToken`. All 82 were minted in the 48 days from 8 July 2026 to 25 August 2026, the most recent of them hours before this reading, so the whole V3 estate is younger than most writing about it and is still being added to.
- **Control is widely spread and almost never traded.** The 82 mints went to 51 distinct addresses; 35 of those hold exactly one Lab and the two largest hold six each, and 26 of the 51 are smart accounts rather than plain externally-owned wallets. Those 26 are nine [Safe](/wiki/dao-governance/tooling/treasury/safe) multisigs (three different Safe singleton versions, read off each proxy's storage slot 0) and seventeen [EIP-7702](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702) delegated wallets — fifteen delegating to ZeroDev's `Kernel` [ERC-4337](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337) implementation, [verified on Sourcify as `src/Kernel.sol:Kernel`](https://repo.sourcify.dev/8453/0xd6CEDDe84be40893d153Be9d467CD6aD37875b28), and two to MetaMask's `EIP7702StatelessDeleGator`. Note that the Kernel accounts are 7702 delegations too, not separately deployed proxies: on Base the two smart-account designs differ only in which implementation the wallet delegates to. Across the contract's entire life there have been 83 `Transfer` events, of which 82 are mints, so the "selling the NFT sells the project" property described above has been exercised exactly once, on Lab 0 on 10 July 2026.
- **No Lab has been tokenized.** The [OclTokenizer proxy](https://basescan.org/address/0x62F532C3f563D974deEc103AAb8cC597f4f9c84E) has been deployed, initialized and upgraded, but it has never issued an IPT. Its complete event log — every log it has emitted between its deployment block, 48,706,566, and block 50,443,168 — is still the same seven administrative entries (`Initialized`, `Upgraded`, two ownership steps and two implementation-pointer updates), with no tokenization among them; and because Molecule's own reference states that each tokenization deploys an [EIP-1167](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167) clone, the decisive check is that the tokenizer has [zero internal transactions](https://base.blockscout.com/address/0x62F532C3f563D974deEc103AAb8cC597f4f9c84E?tab=internal_txns) and has therefore never created a contract. The [OnChainLabFactory beside it](https://base.blockscout.com/address/0xECdF4f05384056507485C90aeAb0a83268760D6E?tab=internal_txns) does show internal transactions on the same explorer index, which rules out an indexing gap.

For anyone modelling governance on top of a Lab, the reading is that the ownership primitive is live and in use while the fractional-ownership primitive that turns a Lab into something a community can hold is not yet in use at all. Every IP Token that has actually funded research still sits on the Ethereum contracts Molecule marks UNMAINTAINED, which is why the legacy model is documented here at equal length rather than as history.

## Coin-to-Company: the token is not equity

The hardest question about any tokenized-research asset is what the token actually entitles you to. Molecule's answer in V3 is unusually direct: [“Tokens are not equity. They do not confer legal ownership, board representation, dividend rights, or the protections that come with being a registered shareholder in a legal entity.”](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/rwa-equity) What IPTs give holders is governance voice, token-gated data-room access, and economic exposure.

The **Coin-to-Company (C2C)** module is the opt-in bridge for holders who want the real thing. It is a lock-and-qualify process: swap liquid IPTs one-for-one for non-transferable locked tokens, complete KYC/AML to receive a soulbound credential attesting verification, and only then become eligible to sign ordinary share-purchase or subscription documents with the project's legal entity. The equity grant itself happens off-chain through standard corporate process. Once a holder is designated a shareholder their locked tokens cannot be unlocked; exiting the shareholder position requires an off-chain request and administrative approval.

The design is explicitly regulatory: keeping the token separate from equity is what stops the broader holder base from being pulled into securities treatment, and the lock is what stops someone completing KYC, receiving shares, and immediately selling into the open market. It is the clearest statement in DeSci of a boundary the wider [DAO tokenomics](/wiki/dao-governance/concepts/treasury/dao-tokenomics) debate usually leaves blurred — and a useful counterpoint for any DAO whose members assume their governance token is a claim on the entity.

## In practice

[VitaDAO](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/vitadao) pioneered the model in production on the original Ethereum contracts: it sold a share of the IPTs behind a longevity research programme (its **VITA-FAST** offering) to fund the work, directly linking community capital to a specific scientific outcome. [AthenaDAO](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/athenadao) and the other biotech DAOs coordinated through [Bio Protocol](/wiki/desci/ecosystem/bio-xyz) followed the same sequence — mint, tokenize, sell IPTs to fund the research, let holders govern commercialization.

That history is why the legacy contracts matter even though they are unmaintained: they still hold live research assets. For a DeSci DAO the tokenized IP _is_ the treasury's core holding, which makes [treasury management](/wiki/dao-governance/concepts/treasury/dao-treasury-management) a question of stewarding illiquid, high-variance research bets rather than a stack of liquid tokens. See [DeSci funding](/wiki/desci/desci-funding) for how these raises are structured, and [research data ownership](/wiki/desci/research-data-ownership) for the data-side counterpart.

## On Radix

On Radix, IP-NFTs would be [native NFT resources](https://radix.wiki/contents/tech/core-protocols/nfts-on-radix) rather than ERC-721 contract state — making them more composable, safer against [approval-drain exploits](https://radix.wiki/contents/tech/core-concepts/native-assets-vs-token-approvals), and directly visible in the [Radix Wallet](https://radix.wiki/contents/tech/core-protocols/radix-wallet). Fractionalizing an IP-NFT into IPTs maps cleanly onto minting a fungible resource against a held non-fungible one, executed atomically in a single [transaction manifest](https://radix.wiki/contents/tech/core-protocols/transaction-manifests). The V3 Lab is a closer fit still: Radix components are already accounts that own resources and hold badges, so the ERC-6551 plus ERC-4337 plus ERC-7579 stack Molecule assembles from five standards is closer to the platform's default shape than an addition to it.

## How Caper approaches this

An IP-NFT tokenizes the legal rights to a specific research asset; a [caper](/wiki/foundations/what-is-a-caper) tokenizes the _collective_ that funds and governs that research. A research group can open a caper with a [bonding-curve](/wiki/markets/bonding-curve) treasury, raise from supporters who receive the caper's own fractional tokens, then direct that capital toward acquiring or developing IP through a governance-approved [PAYOUT proposal](/wiki/governance/proposals) — a lab grant, a licensing deal, a milestone payment — decided by a [stake-weighted-by-participation vote](/wiki/governance/voting). Caper does not mint the IP rights on-chain the way an IP-NFT does: the acquired IP is held and licensed off-chain by the collective, while the caper handles the fundraising, treasury, and governance around it — with a [participation-gated pro-rata exit](/wiki/governance/voting) so a contributor who loses conviction can withdraw their treasury share rather than being locked in. See [DeSci funding](/wiki/desci/desci-funding).

## References

- [Molecule — Contracts index (Base Labs core v0.1.0; Ethereum/Sepolia IPNFT blocks marked UNMAINTAINED)](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts)
- [Molecule — Molecule Labs (the five converging standards, identity vs controller, what Labs own)](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/onchain-lab)
- [Molecule — Architecture (OnChainLabFactory, proxy delegation chain, ownership transfer)](https://docs.molecule.xyz/introduction/architecture)
- [Molecule — OclTokenizer contract reference](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts/tokenizer)
- [Molecule — IPT (IP Token) contract reference: issue, cap, burn](https://docs.molecule.xyz/references/contracts/ipt)
- [Molecule — Coin-to-Company model (lock-and-qualify, KYC credential, off-chain equity)](https://docs.molecule.xyz/technical-deep-dive/rwa-equity)
- [moleculeprotocol/IPNFT — open-source IP-NFT contracts and subgraphs](https://github.com/moleculeprotocol/IPNFT)
- [Etherscan — original IPNFT contract, Ethereum Mainnet](https://etherscan.io/address/0xcaD88677CA87a7815728C72D74B4ff4982d54Fc1)
- [BaseScan – LabNFT proxy, Base mainnet (82 minted, ids 0–81, read 25 August 2026)](https://basescan.org/address/0x9F96027eeAFb9ad5F2b5d7043B36Ee96B2EeBE92)
- [Blockscout – OclTokenizer internal transactions, Base mainnet (empty: no IPT clone ever deployed)](https://base.blockscout.com/address/0x62F532C3f563D974deEc103AAb8cC597f4f9c84E?tab=internal_txns)